My good friend Stephe the webmaster of Androgyne Online sent me an e mail message that her website on catch.com
was removed without any prior notice or intimidation .
This came as a shock to me and to all her viewers of her tremendous work.
She is working to set this all up once again in the mean time she has retrieved some stuff from the archives that I post here on her behalf..
Stephe is one person whose opinion and friendship I cherish and love .
Without her inputs I would not have set up this hijda eunuch blogs,.
Thank You Stephe.
Collected Information About the
Eunuchs of India Known as Hijras
shrine deity or murti of the hijra goddess Bahuchara Mata (Balol Temple, Santhal, Gujarat)
photo by Harshal Purohit
Hijra means “impotent one” in Urdu. In Hindi, hijra may be spelled hijada, hijara, hijda, hijira, or hijrah, and is pronounced somewhere between “heejra” and “heejda”. An older, more respectable term for hijra is kinnar. An abusive slang Hindi term for hijra is chakka.
Some hijras were made to be literal eunuchs — some of them against their will. The process isn’t ordinarily a pretty one, usually carried out without the aid of modern anesthesia or antibiotics. Most, however, are transgender of some sort and choose to foreswear their lives as men while retaining their sex organs. A few, however, are intersex and are considered to be “born eunuchs.” Hijras are usually considered to constitute a third sex or third gender in that they are neither men nor women. (Not coincidentally, both hijras and two-spirits — Native American “Indians” who are also of a third gender — have been said to refer to themselves as “not men, not women.”) Hijras don’t all look at themselves the same way. Some see themselves — or are construed by others — as females, feminine males, transsexuals, or androgynes. There are also female hijra, called hijrin, which are not the same as sadhin.
The term mukhanni may or may not be a synonym for hijra. Another such term is ali. The relatively new (as of 2003) Aravani (aka aravanni, aravani, or aruvani), originated in Tamil Nadu, was popularized in India as a politically correct term to describe members of the third gender, yet it applies more to the devotees of Kutandavar Aravan (India’s god of the ali) than those of Bahuchara Mata (the goddess of the hijras). In Urdu and Punjabi, both in Pakistan and India, the term khusra is sometimes used. In Gujarati, they are called Pavaiyaa. Another term is jankha.
The term koti (aka kothi) refers to males who take a “receptive” or feminine role in sex. They are usually not conflated with hijras, although they often dress as women and act in a feminine manner.
The word “hijra” has another, wholly unrelated meaning in another context: in Arabic, “Hijra” (aka Hegira) means “Migration,” and is used in reference to various historic travels, such as the prophet Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE to set up the first Islamic state.
An all-around introductory explanation of hijras is stored on this very site, here. If you are reading this and have information which you feel might be helpful to this site, please send an e-mail message to <scfeldman@juno.com>.
This page is linked to the Androgyne Online website because hijras have some things in common with androgynes — like being of a third gender, for example.
| There is also the term jogappa (or joggapa). According to the fourth footnote at the bottom of the article, “ Confessions of a Tantric Androgyne,” by Ganapati Sivananda Durgadas, at the now-defunct Anything That Moves site, hijra is a Persian-influenced North Indian term, while joggapa is the South Indian languages’ equivalent. Durgadas says that joggapa are priestly in vocation and predominantly transvestitic, while the hijra lean towards the transsexual side and labor in various vocations. Another writer, Walter Penrose, says that the jogappa are followers of Yellamma, “a goddess of skin disease who is believed to have the power to change the sex of individuals.” According to Amara Dasa, the jogappa “do not practice castration.” |
Articles | return to top
· Bahuchara Mata, the Goddess of the Hijras [aka Bahucharaji, Bahuchari, Bahuchar Mata, and Ma Baucharaji]
o Ma Baucharaji: Goddess of Eunuchs [also at Yahoo groups' Transgender News and androgynes]
o Hijra [start reading at the fourth paragaph for info on Bahuchara Mata]
o Shri Bahucharaji Mataji Temple Tirth
o Welcome to Toda Bahuchar Mata Temple (Shankhalpur-Mehsana-Gujarat-India)
§ photo gallery (sections: Main Temple, Devi Darshan, Services, and Garden)
· Alleged Incarnation of Bahuchara Mata: Stephen Cooper, aka Pamela, aka Pema, aka Prema [14 articles]
· photos of Steve Cooper as Pema / Prema
· hijra (South Asia) entry at Wikipedia – http://www.wikipedia.org [Wikipedia's entry for hijra is too short]
· Eunuchs: India’s Third Gender by Nabanita Dutt – thingsasian.com
· Hijras – The Third Sex by Nabiha Meher [a good introductory article]
· The Hijras – Transgenderism in India by Kristina Latham
· A Eunuch’s Tale from the Slums: A Glimpse Into a Secretive World Reveals a Hard Life by Marianne Bray
· Gender: In a Twilight World by Siddharth Narrain [also stored at hinduonnet.com and Transgender News ]
· Living: Eunuchs: Bizarre Union [hijra marriages] by Kumar Sanjoy Singh – india-today.com
o Kotis and Giriyas [aka Kothis and Girias] by Ninad Jog [kotis are not quite the same as hijra]
· When Appearance Does Matter (a short, sympathetic introduction to the hijra) – The Hindu, 6/6/02
· India’s ‘Third Sex’: Ridiculed, Persecuted, Shunned by Smita Sahay
· India’s Eunuchs Demand Rights by Habib Beary, BBC correspondent in Bangalore
· Cry Inclusive by Divya Trivedi – www.thehindubusinessline.com (November 16, 2007)
· Articles About Hijra “Initiation” (rather shocking, in places)
· The Final Blow to My Manhood by Anonymous (Hindustan Times; taken from The Eunuch Archive)
· Hijra for Nearly Ten Years by Khira from Madras
· Rediff on the Net: Eunuchs Cry for Justice by Vinod Behl in Delhi, for Prime Time Features
· Two Comments Made re Hijra on the ANDROGYNE List
· Nirvan: Castration (according to The Samabhavana Society’s transgender page website)
[ First, click on the link above, then search on the word "nirvan" by clicking on Edit in the menu bar
and using the "Find (on This Page)..." feature. ]
· 17-yr-old Allegedly Castrated by Eunuchs by Naveeta Singh [Mid-Day Mumbai, India; April 29, 2005]
· Muslim and Pakistani Hijra
· Muslim Hijras in India and Pakistan
1. Defining the Hijra Community
2. Hijras Between Stigmatization and Memories of a Glorious Past
3. Hijras and Islam in India and Pakistan
· The Zananis of Lahore Cry for Respect by Zainab Khar (about Pakistini hijras called zananis)
· Koovagam, the Mecca of the Eunuch World
· History of Koothandavar Festival
· Indian Eunuchs’ Day in the Sun by Charles Haviland, BBC correspondent in southern India
· In Search of Female Identity — April 1999 (the festival of Kutandavar, in Kuvagam village, near Ulundurpet)
· Some Information on Kutandavar Aravan (India’s God of the “Ali”)
o The Mystery of the Threshold: “Ali” of Southern India
· Which One’s the Sexy Indian? A Comparison Between Berdaches and Hijras by Adam Bruno
· Hijra Who Hold Political Office
· And She’s a Eunuch: Ms. Nehru Goes Far In Indian Politics by Jonathan Karp (Wall Street Journal)
· Katni Journal; A Pox on Politicians. A Eunuch You Can Trust. by Barry Bearak (New York Times)
· Once Ostracized, India’s Secretive Eunuchs Get Enfranchised By Leela Jacinto (abcNEWS.com)
· When I get elected, I’ll dance in your house by R Swaminathan
· When The Third Sex Comes First by Radha Rastogi
· Laxmi Narayan Tripathi (the only eunuch in the UN’s Civil Society Task Force on HIV/AIDS)
· Eunuch from India fights for respect at UN AIDS meets
· Gender bender by Abhilasha Ojha, July 12, 2008 – www.business-standard.com
· Laxmi Played and Won Every Heart by Kkomal Seth and Gautam Seth
· Laxmi MySpace page [an unofficial tribute]
· “Men” who would be kings: celibacy, emasculation, and the re-production of hijras in contemporary Indian politics – gender identity,
social stigma, and political corruption by Gayatri Reddy (Social Research, Spring, 2003) [this page takes a while to load]
· Blurring the gender lines in Bangladesh by George Arney (from BBC News Online)
· Hausa and Hijra: Gender and Culture (scroll down to “North India,” near the bottom)
· Eunuchs in India (by Anonymous) [can also be read here -- with Altaf Bhimji being its possible author]
· Hijras of India: Paradox and Surrogate Families by Anne Jelly
· India: Begging eunuchs of Bombay (taken from The Eunuch Archive)
· India Gay Resource: The Hijras (several links to other articles)
· Surfaces: Feminism and Hybridity by Sabina Sawhney (Les presses de l’université de montréal)
· TG Wire: Bangladesh’s Third Sex by George Arney (BBC News)
· Third Wave: A Call to Arms by Kadambari Murali – hindustantimes.com ["mukhanni" are talked about]
· Hijra Beauty Contests
· Beauties Vie for Miss Koovagam Title with Gay Abandon (the term Aravani is used)
· Giving ‘em a Place in the Sun by Nina Benjamin – The Hindu, 8/29/02
· Hijra Beauty Contest: Eunuchs In India by Philippe Fraser – http://eurogay.co.uk/
·
· Defunct Websites Relevant to Indian Third Gender People [made available via the Internet Archive]
· Arawanis Social Welfare Society [defunct]
o Hijras * Mumbai * India (hijras from Mumbai; members of “Arawanis Social Welfare Society”)
· The Hijra Community by Anne Ogborn [defunct]
o The Sampark Project / Sampark Project Organization
· Indian Directory of CD/TV/TS/TG created by Lovely Mehta [defunct]
· kinnar.com (”kinnar” seems to be another word for “hijra”) [defunct]
· Myths & Facts about the Kinnar (this makes them seem like very nice people)
· Saheli Asia — Hijras – saheli-asia.org [defunct]
· Saundatti Festival — Festival of the Hijras
· The Nowhere Men: Understanding the Plight of the Hijra Community
· Hijras: Challenging Gender Dichotomies by Arvind Kumar
· A Marginal World: a Review of the Film Darmiyaan
· The Man Outside, The Woman Inside: the Screenwriter of Amol Palekar’s Film Daayra Talks
· An Anachronism Worthy of Recognition
· They May Be Down, but They Are Not Out by Ranjana Mittra
· The Samabhavana Society’s transgender page [once there, right-click and choose "Select All"]
Books | return to top
· Ardhanarishvara — The Androgyne: Probing the Gender Within by Alka Pande
· Hijras: the Labelled Deviants [aka Third Sex and Human Rights] by Satish Kumar Sharma
· Hijras: Who We Are by Meena Balaji and other Eunuchs, as told to Ruth Lor Malloy [an eBook]
· The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India by Zia Jaffrey
· The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore edited by Devdutt Pattanaik
· Neither Man Nor Woman: the Hijras of India by Serena Nanda
o Book review by Prentiss Riddle of Neither Man Nor Woman: the Hijras of India
· Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex by Amara Das Wilhelm
· With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India by Gayatri Reddy
A Free Downloadable 116-page Study on Hijras
· Human Rights Violations against the Transgender Community: A study of kothi and hijra sex workers in
Bangalore, India – September 2003, by Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties, Karnataka (PUCL-K) [in Flash format]
Photos – with thanks for help from Rekha on MySpace | return to top
· Delhi Hijras, photographed by Jakob Berr
· Eunuchs – India’s third gender, photographed by Maciej Dakowicz
· Hijda-Eunuch.com: Firoze Shakir’s enormous complex of hijra photography sites
o FirozeShakir.com: Firoze Shakir Poet
o firoze shakir photographerno1’s photostream on Flickr.com [you have to be signed into Flickr to see all 28,800 photos]
o Photo Essay of Hijdas Eunuchs in Mumbai [lower down in this section]
o PhotographerNo.1@WordPress.com: Bollywood’s Most Wanted photographerno1
· Hijra 2005-06, photographed by Samkit Shah
· Hijras, photographed by Kabir ChaoPhray
· The Hijras of Pakistan, photographed by Dennis Drenner
· Hijra, the Half-women of Pakistan [in English and in French], photographed by Bruno Morandi
· indianfolklore’s photosets on Flickr: Koovagam Beauty | Koovagam Rituals | First Year Anniversary
· In Pictures: Eunuchs in their own words, photographed by Habib Beary? [ from the article, "India's eunuchs demand rights" ]
· Man or Women, photographed by GMB Akash
· Muslim Hijras – neither male nor female, photographed by Nicola Okin Frioli
· Transgenders – Chennai, India, photographed by Shiho Fukada [place cursor over Index, then select Aravanis]
· The Works on Hijra in Indian Sub-Continent: Not Men, Nor Women, photographed by Takeshi Ishikawa
· Photo Essays
· photography and text by Sonia Faleiro
o The Dying Of The Evening Stars IV
o The Dying of The Evening Stars VI [includes interview with Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]
· photography by Anita Khemka [click on a thumbnail in the right-hand column, or on ]
· Kuttandavar-Aravam Festival, 2001
· Munna Guru — Portrait of a Eunuch
· photography and text by Firoze Shakir [most photos are accompanied by a wealth of explanatory text!]
· Hijdas Eunuchs in Mumbai [there is a whopping total of 515 high-resolution photos here!]
· photos of Laxmi (Laxminarayan Tripathi): page 1 | page 2 | page 3
· Movies | return to top
· Ali, edited by Peter Spenceley (UK, 2007)
· Between the Lines: India’s Third Gender, directed by Thomas Wartmann (Germany, 2005)
· Bombay Eunuch, directed by Sean MacDonald and Michelle Gukorsky (2001)
· Eunuchs: India’s Third Gender, directed by Michael Yorke (UK, 1991)
· Shabnam Mausi, directed by Yogesh Bharadwaj
· Eunuchs in Indian Cinema, an article by Nishma Hindocha
· The Rise of Eunuchs in Hindi Films, an article (author unknown)
A Free Online Documentary about Hijras
· Eunuchs, India’s third gender (Astra Film Sibiu 2007, 22-28 October) [offline; temporarily, I hope]
1 hour; complete and free to watch on the web [in Flash format]
Videos | return to top
· search results for hijras at YouTube [listing of hijra videos]
· excerpt from the movie Between the Lines by Thomas Wartmann (2:09) [with footage of Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]
· Flames in the Looking Glass-resized by Shona Charlton (2:29) [in English]
· Harsh Beauty – (52:00) subtitled in English [costs one British Pound via PayPal to view in its entirety]
o excerpt from Harsh Beauty by Alessandra Zeka (10:09), on YouTube
· Hijras or Humans by Fast-NU’s Business Communication II Project (9:33) [in English, with some subtitles]
· Making a Living (Being Eunuch in India) by Parag Sankhe (2:05) [subtitled in English]
· Research Project on Hijras by MBA Students of Bahria Univerity (5:49) [not in English and not subtitled]
· Transgender Problems in India (5:59) [not in English and not subtitled]
Blogs | return to top
· Hijda Eunuch Blog: The Unique Third Gender of India (administered by Firoze Shakir)
· Malika’s Indian Transgender Blog (”with a special emphasis on the Indian sub-continent”)
Yahoo groups mailing lists | return to top
· galva108 (”about Krsna and/or GLBTI issues”): mailing list of Galva-108 (The Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association)
· hijra (”this group is exclusively for Hijras and those who desire to be Hijras”)
· hijras (discussion about hijra and related third gender cultures)
· lgbt-india (”for lesbians, bisexuals, gays, kothis, hijras, double-deckers, transsexuals and other queer and transgendered people in India”)
· transgendered_woman (”All peoples are welcome. Peoples are from India, Asia, America (USA), UK & other.”)
· transgenderindia (”a place for TG/TS/CDs of India to unite and share their views”)
Jogappas | return to top
· articles on Jogappas and the Cult of Yellamma | return to this page’s first mention of jogappa
o Of Men, Women and Neuters by Dr. K.L. Kamat – www.kamat.com
o The Yellamma Cult by K. L. Kamat – www.kamat.com
· photos of Jogappas taken by Jackie Dewe Mathews in Sangli in August 2007
Other | return to top
· Agape Bible Church (Bangalore, India) Eunuch Ministry
· Androgyne Online (a website about people with the gender identity of both a man and a woman — or neither)
· Ardhanarishvara (aka Ardhanari) entry at Wikipedia – http://www.wikipedia.org
o Ardhanarishvara in Art and Philosophy (Article of the Month – June 2005) – www.exoticindia.com
o Ardhanarishwara — The God Who is Half Woman [also accessible at this page ]
· The Eunuch Archive: a friendly support site for the Eunuch Community [not India-specific]
· The Eunuch Archive Terms of Service
· Galva-108: The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association: Information and support for GLBTI Vaishnavas and Hindus
· Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex by Amara Das Wilhelm
· Hindu Deities and the Third Sex by Amara Das Wilhelm
· Modern Biology and the Concept of a “Third Sex” by Bhakti Ananda Goswami
· Mohini (an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a beautiful woman) entry at Wikipedia – http://www.wikipedia.org
· Neutrois (neutrois means non-gendered class) [eunuchs are not necessarily neutrois]
· The Two-Spirit Tradition (a website about third and fourth gender Native American “Indians”)
· Transgender Spirituality in World Faiths
· What is the difference between a eunuch and an androgyne? Well, for one, most androgynes have a gender identity of neither a man nor a woman, while eunuchs tend to have a feminine gender identity closer to that of a transsexual than an androgyne. Is there a tendency to conflate androgynes with eunuchs? Perhaps. And yet, not all eunuchs are hijras, and not all hijras identify as transsexuals or androgynes.
Many would argue that it wouldn’t be entirely inappropriate to refer to a eunuch as an “it,” but even an agendered androgyne would probably object to being called an “it.” Androgynes might bend over backwards trying to use terms like sie (pronounced SEE) instead of he and she; and hir (pronounced like “hear”) instead of him or her; but surely, they would like to avoid “it.” Why is that, I wonder? If one truly is agendered and wants to make an issue of it, why not reclaim the term “it” like some blacks have reclaimed “n*gg*r” and some gays have reclaimed “queer”?
Finally, for those interested, there is a special type of agendered androgyne or eunuch known as neutrois.
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<FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deity“>shrine deity</A> or <A HREF=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti“>murti</A>
of the hijra goddess Bahuchara Mata (Balol Temple, Santhal, Gujarat)</FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE=-1 FACE=”arial” COLOR=”C0C0C0″>photo by Harshal Purohit</FONT></CENTER>
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<DD> Hijra means “impotent one” in Urdu. In Hindi, hijra may be spelled
hijada, hijara, hijda, hijira, or hijrah, and is pronounced somewhere
between “heejra” and “heejda”. An older, more respectable term for hijra
is <A HREF=”http://web.archive.org/web/20010201194300/http://www.kinnar.com/html/myths.htm“>kinnar</A>. An abusive slang Hindi term for hijra is <A HREF=”http://androgyne.0catch.com/hijra5a.htm“>chakka</A>.
<DD> Some hijras were made to be literal eunuchs — some of them against their
will. The process isn’t ordinarily a pretty one, usually carried out
without the aid of modern anesthesia or antibiotics. Most, however, are
transgender of some sort and choose to foreswear their lives as men while
retaining their sex organs. A few, however, are <A HREF=”http://www.xyxo.org/isgi/faq.html“>intersex</A>
and are considered to be “born eunuchs.” Hijras are usually considered to
constitute a third sex or third gender in that they are neither men nor
women. (Not coincidentally, both hijras and <A HREF=”http://androgyne.0catch.com/2spiritx.htm“>two-spirits</A> — Native
American “Indians” who are also of a third gender — have been said to refer to
themselves as “not men, not women.”) Hijras don’t all look at themselves
the same way. Some see themselves — or are construed by others — as
females, feminine males, transsexuals, or <A HREF=” http://androgyne.0catch.com“>androgynes</A>.
There are also female hijra, called <A HREF=”http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/journal_of_the_history_of_sexuality/v010/10.1penrose.html#FOOT3“>hijrin</A>, which are not
the same as <A HREF=”http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/journal_of_the_history_of_sexuality/v010/10.1penrose.html#REF4“>sadhin</A>.
<!–
<A HREF=”http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/sex/10.1penrose.html#FOOT3“>hijrin</A>
<A HREF=”http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/sex/10.1penrose.html#REF4“>sadhin</A>
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<DD> <DD> The term <A HREF=”http://web.archive.org/web/20010703012158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/nonfram/170601/indepth.shtml“>mukhanni</A> may or may not be a synonym for
hijra. Another such term is <A HREF=”http://www.uni-koeln.de/ phil-fak/indologie/kolam/kolam1/alieng.html“>ali</A>.
The relatively new (as of 2003) <A HREF=”http://androgyne.0catch.com/hijra3.htm“>Aravani</A> (aka aravanni, aravani, or aruvani), originated in Tamil Nadu,
was popularized in India as a politically correct term to describe members of the third gender, yet it applies more to the devotees of <A HREF=”http://androgyne.0catch.com/india.htm“>Kutandavar Aravan</A> (India’s
god of the ali) than those of Bahuchara Mata (the goddess of the hijras).
In Urdu and Punjabi, both in Pakistan and India, the term khusra is
sometimes used. In Gujarati, they are called Pavaiyaa. Another term is
jankha.
<DD> The term <A HREF=”http://web.archive.org/web/20030104193928/http://www.mindspring.com/~ninad/Kotis.htm“>koti</A> (aka kothi) refers to males who take a “receptive” or
feminine role in sex. They are usually not conflated with hijras,
although they often dress as women and act in a feminine manner.
<DD> The word “hijra” has another, wholly unrelated meaning in another
context: in Arabic, “Hijra” (aka Hegira) means “Migration,” and is used
in reference to various historic travels, such as the prophet Muhammad’s
journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE to set up the first Islamic state.
<DD> An all-around introductory explanation of hijras is stored on this
very site, <A HREF=”hijra2.htm”>here</A>. If you are reading this and have information which
you feel might be helpful to this site, please send an e-mail message
to <<A HREF=”mailto:scfeldman@juno.com?subject=new%20info%20about%20hijra-related%20terms”>scfeldman@juno.com</A>>.
1 response so far ↓
Hanz Klaus // November 10, 2008 at 7:15 pm
odd, but interesting..
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